老子給大家
學生，學者，
和尋求者
彼得·吉爾博伊（Peter Gilboy）博士
有不同嗎
的版本
老子的
道德經？
幾個世紀以來，《道德經》有許多不同的“版本”。但是，這些課程的結構或內容在老子的教義上都沒有顯著差異。
為什麼會有差異？
公元前221年左右，今天我們稱為中國的交戰國統一為一個國家。直到那時，書面語言仍處於不斷變化的狀態。老子的課程是在公元前221年之前編寫的，因此應該期望我們會發現具有相同或近似含義的不同字符。
同樣，正如我們今天的速記員會犯錯誤一樣，對於抄寫員或抄寫員來說也是如此。想像一下，有5000個字符的文本規定給您，每個字符最多18個筆觸，然後嘗試完美書寫。可能對所講的內容有誤解，忽略了筆劃或將同名異義字誤替換為預期字符。
並且還要考慮抄寫員粗心大意或懶惰的可能性，或者抄寫員不熟悉文本的含義。
這是6個最有影響力的
版的《道德經》。
第1版。王Bi：王弼
王弼（Wang Bi）住 從公元226年到249年。公元220年漢朝滅亡後，他是未成年官員。今天被稱為“王W經”的是《道德經》的版本，並附有他對作品的評論。此版本已被翻譯最多的英語和其他語言，並且是被稱為“標準”或“已接收”文本的文本之一。
多年來，王Bi的評論一直是許多學術研究的主題，而正是從他的評論中，我們可以得出當今對《道德經》和早期道教的大部分理解。
第2版和第3版。Ma Wang Tui（MWT）馬王堆
1972年，在中國長沙的墓葬中發現了兩個不完整的《道德經》。該陵墓的歷史可追溯至西漢王朝（公元前206年-公元9年），其中包含用絲綢寫的哲學和醫學文獻。
文字出現在三墓中，這是漢初長沙總理李曾的兒子的墳墓。該墓在公元前168年被封印。
Ma Wang Tui（MWT）的兩個版本分別為“ A文本”和“ B文本”。 A文本之所以出現較早，是因為1）使用“小印章”字符，以及2）並避免使用“邦”字符“ country”，該字符在公元前206年成為禁忌是漢開國皇帝劉邦（Lang Pang）的個人名字。相比之下，B文本使用後來的“文書”腳本而不是“小圖章”，並且避免了這種禁忌字符。
在馬王堆發現的捲軸圖片：
注意：本翻譯和評論均基於
關於馬王推文。文字中的字符
缺少或不清楚，B文本中的字符
已被替換。如果字符是
A和B文本中都缺少字符
“標準”文本中的內容已被替換。
4.版和尚功。河上公
關於河上公（Heshang Gong）的消息鮮為人知。據說他是一個生活在公元一世紀的隱士。我們所謂的“合商宮”是指他對《道德經》的評論所附帶的文字。他似乎是後來的“宗教”道教流派的一員，在解釋老子的話時特別關注冥想，長壽和性活力。
第5版。傅毅傅奕
傅奕（Fu Yi）是一位唐人（618-907 AD）的學者，他通過比較大量可用的手稿來尋求“原始”的道德經。然後，他發表了對這些文本的批判性歸類，直到今天仍然如此。
第6版。郭店郭店
1993年，在湖北省郭店的一個身份不明的墓葬中發現了《道德經》的著作。它可以追溯到公元前三世紀或四世紀的某個時期，用較舊的“小印章”字符書寫。人物寫在細長的竹條上，與皮革固定在一起，然後分成三捆。雖然這些版本比Ma Wang Tui版本要晚150年，但國電版本還很不完整。
儘管國典版可能較舊，但不一定意味著它更接近原始文本。古代文明通常會口頭傳承他們的知識和歷史，直到某個時候被寫下來。
關於版本的最後說明：
這些版本的長度不同。在某些情況下，大約有5000個字符，在其他情況下，則多達5700個字符。
差異主要是由於多年來編輯人員減去了某些語法字符，以及抄襲者的錯誤以及後來由老師添加的解釋性“評論”。
同樣，在某些版本中，某些段落丟失或在稿件中以不同順序放置。同樣，在公元前221年之前，中國書面語仍處於不斷變化的狀態。可以預料，我們會發現具有相同或近似含義的不同字符。
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PG
Note
The present translation and commentary are based principally on the Ma Wang Tui A Text. But where characters in the A text are missing, unclear, or an obvious copyist error, I substitute the characters in the B text.
In the event that a character is missing, unclear, or in error in both the A and B texts, I substitute characters from the “standard” or "received" text (see below), and explain the choice.
Note also, that while the A Text of the Ma Wang Tui is the older of the two, this does not necessarily mean that it is more "correct" or "original" than the B Text, or any other of the texts for that matter. Lao Tzu's writings appear to have been passed down through different lineages over a number of centuries. Each has its own challenges. It would be unreasonable to expect perfect agreement among them. Nevertheless, a starting point for translation must be chosen, and here the A Text of the Ma Wang Tui edition appears to be the best candidate. Significant differences between the text will footnoted where appropriate.
The 4 "Standard" or "Received" Editions
The Wang Bi: 王弼 Edition
Wang Bi (王弼) lived from 226 AD to 249 AD. He was a minor official after the collapse of the Han dynasty in 220 AD. What is known today as the “Wang Bi text” is the edition of the Tao Te Ching that believed to have accompanied his own commentary on the work. This is the version that has been the most translated into English and other languages
Wang Bi’s commentary has been the subject of much scholarly study over the years, and it is from his commentary that much of our present day understanding of the Tao Te Ching and early Taoism derives.
Heshang Gong. 河上公 Edition
Little is known about Heshang Gong (河上公). He is said to have been a recluse who lived in the first century AD. What we call the “Heshang Gong edition” refers to the text that accompanied his commentary on the Tao Te Ching. He appears to have been of the later school of “religious” Taoism, interpreting the Lao Tzu’s words with a concern toward meditation, longevity, and sexual vitality.
Fu Yi 傅奕 Edition
Fu Yi (傅奕)was a Tang (618-907 AD) scholar who sought the “original” Tao Te Ching by comparing a number of manuscripts available to him. He then published a critical conflation of these texts which we still have today.
Guodian 郭店 Edition
In 1993, writings of the Tao Te Ching were found in an unidentified tomb at Guodian (郭店) in Hubei province. It dates to some time in the third or fourth century B.C., and was written in the older, “small seal” characters. The characters were written on slender strips of bamboo fasten together with leather and then rolled into three bundles. While these are 150 years older than the Ma Wang Tui editions, the Guodian version is quite incomplete.
Though the Guodian edition may be older, that does not necessarily mean that it is closer to an original text, if indeed there is one. Ancient civilizations typically passed down their knowledge and their history orally, until, at some point it is written down.
Final note about the editions:
The editions differ in their length. In some, there are about 5000 characters, and in others, as much as 5,700 characters.
The difference is primarily due to the subtraction of certain grammatical characters by editors over the years, as well as copyist errors and perhaps explanatory "comments" added later by teachers.
Also, in some editions certain passages are missing or placed in a different order within the manuscript. Again, the Chinese written language was still in a state of flux prior to 221 BC. It can be expected that we would find different characters with the same or approximate meanings.
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PG
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